Trial By Fire by Journey free essay sample

Excursion: Trial By Fire Excursion was begun in 1973. Their lead artists name was Steve Perry. He has a delicate quiet voice in the collection â€Å"Trial By Fire.† The collection is a 16 tune track of sentiment. Each tune on this collection was tied in with being enamored. The band begins from San Francisco, California. They have a playful mood to their melodies so it is anything but difficult to move to. The collection is an impact in the past with Neal Schons magnificent guitarist ability in the melody â€Å"One More†. I think the collection is insipid and the greater part of the tunes sound the equivalent. Be that as it may, the collection spread interested me a ton. I like how it has neither rhyme nor reason and doesn't interface with any of the melody names or verses. What's more, I like how they use space subjects for the majority of their collection covers. We will compose a custom article test on Preliminary By Fire by Journey or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They are not the same as the rest by not putting their band picture on any of their collection covers. I don’t regularly like love tunes yet this collection was alright for me.

Nestle: Operating in a Global Economy Essay -- strategic management ca

Settle is an enormous organization with more than 150 years of history. The organization manages worldwide creation and contends far and wide with an end goal to accomplish consistent development and benefit. Contending in the worldwide economy requires managing numerous difficulties to meet creation objectives and market items to various societies. Settle additionally markets to underdeveloped nations that need nutritious food at a sensible cost. The organization is a market head in various product offerings that have given a strong establishment to deals and benefit. Settle has solid brand acknowledgment that gives an upper hand to get into new markets and extend in existing markets. Working in the worldwide market implies grasping various chances while maintaining a strategic distance from different dangers. The key administration Nestle displayed fills in as a fantastic contextual investigation in working in a worldwide economy. History The Nestle organization follows its underlying foundations back to 1866 when Henri Nestle started scanning for a solid and prudent option for moms who couldn't bosom feed their newborn children. Nestle’s first client was an untimely baby that couldn't endure the mother’s milk or some other substitutes accessible at that point (Nestle). The new item spared the babies’ life and individuals immediately perceived the estimation of the new item. By 1900, the organization extended to different items including powdered soup, bouillon blocks, sauces and flavorings. Through the mid 1900s, creation extended and plants were working in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain. In 1904, Nestle added chocolate to its product offering by agreeing with the Swiss General Chocolate Company. The organization kept on growing and started producing in Australia and e... ...nclusion Settle is a market driving organization and fills in as a great contextual investigation for showing vital administration in the worldwide economy. The organizations roots go right back to 1866 and the built up history have made a solid organization tried by the high points and low points of the world economy. Setting up a solid market base and vision for wellbeing and sustenance give Nestle a positive notoriety. The organization has endured two universal wars and has keep on refining the corporate technique. This adaptability and versatility have empowered consistent development and accomplishment through these changing economic situations. Settle can proceed with this accomplishment by building up new markets and making new items. Specifically, proceeding with innovative work to extend wellbeing and sustenance centered items will encourage the capacity to accomplish better than expected returns.

Common Intellectual Property Mistakes Startups Make

Common Intellectual Property Mistakes Startups Make You need to take into account a number of things when building a successful startup, but none as important as intellectual property (IP). While the word is often thrown around and most entrepreneurs know about it by now, it still creates a lot of trouble for startups. While big companies are spending millions to protect their IP, startups can forget to look into the matter altogether or make silly mistakes.Yet getting it right could be the difference between building a successful business and going bust. The following guide will help you understand the importance of IP and the most common mistakes startups make. More importantly, the guide will show you how to avoid these mistakes and plan your IP to succeed. © Shutterstock.com | DooderIn this article, we will explore 1) what IP is and why it matters, 2) common mistakes to avoid with intellectual property, 3) planning tips for startups, and 4) conclusion.WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND WHY DOES IT MATTER?So, what is IP all about? In short, IP refers to inventions and creations of the mind. This could be a piece of art, like a symbol or a specific design, or the names and images you use for commercial purposes. They act similar to other property rights, in that they provide the creator or the owner of that product the possibility of benefiting from the creation.Intellectual property is protected by law â€" there are different country-specific legislations, as well international laws that govern intellectual property rights. The laws used for protection fall under the following categories:Patents â€" Patents cover products or processes, or the way things operate. The product or process must be original and inventive in comparison to idea s that are already out there. It is possible to file country-specific patents or apply for an international patent. A software program could be an example of intellectual property covered by a patent.Trademarks â€" Trademarks protect the signs and designs, which distinguish the product from that of other traders. The Facebook logo and the Apple logo are examples of trademarks. Interestingly, you could also get a trademark for a specific smell or the product’s design, like a special bottle.Registered design â€" Registered designs protect more deeply the way things look. A specifically shaped mobile phone or a pattern in a pair of jeans could have a registered design.Copyrights â€" Copyrights protect the business or person’s artistic work from being copied. This could be the copy of a website or the content of a book, for example.Check out the YouTube video below for more information: Why does it matter?The above should help you understand what intellectual property is, but it mig ht not explain why it is crucial for a startup (or indeed any business).There are a number of reasons for paying attention to the importance of IP. In short, the proper implementation of intellectual property will provide a startup with:Protection â€" IP will provide a startup more protection against copycats. This in turn, will naturally provide more leverage against competition. Other businesses won’t be able to use your brilliant business idea and benefit from it. You’ll be legally protected â€" in case someone uses your product ideas without permission, you’ll have the law on your side and you can seek compensation. You won’t need to worry about a costly lawsuit, such as the one filed against Facebook.Security â€" The business will enjoy more security against theft, for example, once IP is sorted. Furthermore, appropriate IP can protect your customers as well, as they are purchasing from a legitimate company that upholds their consumer rights. It also guarantees counterf eit products don’t become a headache you need to deal with down the road.Leverage with investors â€" Another big benefit for startups is the improved attractiveness to investors, if you have sorted out IP rights. Investors know it adds more value to your startup and seeking financing is much easier once you have IP sorted out. This doesn’t necessarily mean a fully planned and organized IP system, but you should show investors that you at least understand the importance of IP and know how to go about achieving it.COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID WITH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYAs the above shows, intellectual property has plenty of benefits for startups and getting it sorted out will help your business to succeed. But unfortunately, many startups still fall for some of the common hurdles when it comes to IP.Here’s a look at the most common IP mistakes and how you can avoid making them with your startup. First, it’s a good idea to look at the big picture and the crucial mistakes you need to avoid.1) Assuming it’s unimportantAmong the biggest mistakes you can make is to assume IP doesn’t matter. Fixing your IP rights after you’ve already been operating the business will be a long process and not often even possible. For example, for a patent application to go through, the idea needs to have been out of public knowledge. As soon as you have put it out there and marketed your product, getting a patent will become a lot more difficult.It’s also a lot more costly to start fixing the lack of IP, rather than spend money on sorting it out from the get-go. You might be faced with lawsuits, people might already be using your product design or names and sorting this out once your business is up and running won’t be easy.As soon as you have a business or product idea and you’ve spent some time ensuring the plan could work, start looking into intellectual property.2) Not doing sufficient researchResearch isn’t just crucial in order to protect your intellectual proper ty against other people using it. While it is naturally important to guarantee your intellectual property isn’t stolen and you are protected in the long-term, proper research can also save you from breaching another’s IP rights.If you don’t look into trademarks, patents and trade designs, you won’t know whether someone has already protected a similar product. You don’t want to be breaching other peoples’ IP, as this could end up being the end of your business.As well as ensuring you do enough research to protect your own products and ideas, make sure you also look carefully into the protection that is already out there. If you conduct proper research from the start, you can protect your business from any legal and financial troubles later on.3) Rushing through the processMany startups do understand the importance of sorting out IP. The problem is that many of them then decide to get it all sorted out quickly, without paying enough attention to the whole process. Sorting out IP matters won’t happen overnight and you don’t want to make mistakes by rushing your project.The process of getting your intellectual property applications through isn’t always a straightforward process. The process can be complicated and costly and you don’t want to end up doing it more than once.You also don’t want to waste money seeking a patent or a copyright for products that cannot receive one. For example, there are a number of technologically advanced systems that you might not be able to get a patent for or you might not need one in the first place.Don’t just expect that every aspect of your business and product require intellectual property protection. First, understand what requires IP protection and fill out the application carefully afterwards. Don’t try to rush into anything.4) Waiting too longOn the other hand, you can’t sit still and ponder about the IP issues forever. Especially if your startup is already running test or marketing groups and you are involving other people in the process. You need to act swiftly to ensure it isn’t too late to start protecting your intellectual property.In most countries, applications for intellectual property rights have deadlines. For instance, a patent often must be filed within one year of it being printed, disclosed or offered to be sold. Similar time periods are in use around the globe so you need to make sure you start looking into intellectual property as soon as you have your business idea.5) Using DIY strategyThe Internet is great for finding out more about legal proceedings and the processes behind setting up a business. Technology has empowered many entrepreneurs to take back more control. Using these online guides and tips can be a great way to save your business some money.But the ‘Do It Yourself’ (DIY) approach can be the downfall of many companies, especially in the more difficult areas such as IP. While guidebooks like this can give you a better understanding of the pr ocesses and the importance of IP, it is essential to consider seeking out an expert’s opinion.Generic information about IP will guide you in the right direction, but it can’t answer the more intricate details concerning your business. A legal expert in the field of intellectual property is much more able to ensure your business covers all the key areas.The above mistakes are commonly made by startups and just by avoiding them, you can guarantee your startup is appropriately protected. But there are also more specific types of mistakes startups tend to make.These include the following:Having problems with the nameYou might have come up with a catchy name for your business; you go through all the planning and setting up only to receive a notification the name is already trademarked. On the other hand, many startups set up and conduct business for years until they find one day that there have been new companies popping up using the same name.Many startups also make the mistake of c hecking out a domain name and if it’s free, they assume the business can be registered with that name. Furthermore, many assume that by registering their business, the trademark of the name is also covered. But this doesn’t automatically happen; you need to register both â€" often separately.When you are planning to start a business and you come up with a name, run a domain check and a business registration check. If both are clear, you should also check if the trademark is still free for use. Do all three checks before you register any of them or start using the name.Signing the wrong contractsStartups tend to be organic and often have a structure of informality. While these can be great in fostering innovation and ideas, you still need to make sure the formal aspects of running a business are taken care of appropriately.It is easy to overlook the importance of having your intellectual property rights sorted and then including these into all agreements you sign with your employ ees and your business partners.For example, you might ask an outside contractor to design a website for your company. If you don’t sign the right contract to commission the work, the contractor might end up with the intellectual property rights for the design! Whether you are creating a contract with your employee or another business, you need to make sure the contracts spell out the full rights of the products and design for your business.When you are preparing the documents and contracts, again, professional help is often needed. A DIY approach to contracts can result in omitting certain information and you might not cover all the essential points. Furthermore, if you are using a professional, such as a freelancer, make sure they have the right qualifications and know how the legal system in your country works!You also shouldn’t assume the documents you find on the Internet are appropriate to use. Sometimes this ‘copy paste’ approach can lead to many problems.Forgetting a bout trade secretsMany startup ideas and products have their foundation elsewhere. Perhaps you were working for a technology employer and suddenly came up with a great idea for your own business. You might rush to start your business without realizing you are using trade secrets of your previous employer as part of your business idea.There are tons of other types of information from prior employers that startups can utilize. These could be trade secrets, but they could also be customer lists, management strategies and the use of computer software. It is easy to overlook their importance to the previous employer or forget they might be covered by legal contracts.Companies, especially the big ones, are aggressive in protecting their intellectual property â€" as they should. Forgetting about trade secrets such as this cannot just cost money for your startup, you might be found to be criminally liable for the breach.You need to make sure you carefully look at your project and business, and separate the areas that you might be carrying over from your previous employer. Make sure you check that using the information isn’t a breach of intellectual property.Using open source softwareOpen source software is a wonderful thing, but startups can make a number of crucial mistakes when opting to use it. While it might sound like a great idea, you can quickly contaminate the whole project by using open source software.If your project uses open source, even in small bits, you might need to disclose the source code to your competitors. This might mean you cannot file for intellectual property protection.The best option is to avoid using open source software altogether. If you must use it, you should consult a legal advisor before the final decision to guarantee you won’t hurt your business by doing so.PLANNING TIPS FOR STARTUPSThe above mistakes and tips on how to avoid them should help your startup in the planning process. On top of this, here are few more crucial tips to keep in mind when you start planning for intellectual property rights:Begin by understanding as much about intellectual property as you can. By reading this guide, you are already on the right path. Educate yourself as much as you can and start looking for expert help as well.While you need to begin looking for outside expertise, you don’t need to do it right from the start. Doing your own searches first can help you save a lot of time. For example, google.com/patents brings up a plethora of information for finding out about existing patents.Find yourself a good intellectual property lawyer. Don’t hire the first one you find, but look into their qualifications and remember to agree on the price before signing aConduct an audit on your startup’s products and services to ensure you understand which aspects need protection.When you know what you need, start filing as soon as possible to ensure you do everything on time.Consider the future. You need to know the outlook of your bu siness to ensure you are adequately covered for the future.CONCLUSIONIf you want to protect your startup and ensure it has the best possibilities to succeed, you need to make sure you pay attention to intellectual property rights.Figuring out what your business needs is going to be easier to do right from the start, as it can prevent you from making mistakes or allowing other people to benefit from your ideas.While professional services can cost a lot of money and your startup most likely doesn’t have a never-ending financing stream, in the long-term figuring out IP at the start and ensuring you do it exactly right will end up costing less. It gives you financial security and it could spark interest in investors.Don’t try to save money by doing it all yourself either. As the above showed, a DIY approach to IP can sometimes end up in a disaster no matter how much you’ve tried. Just start planning early and ask for help from seasoned professionals.

Common Intellectual Property Mistakes Startups Make

Common Intellectual Property Mistakes Startups Make You need to take into account a number of things when building a successful startup, but none as important as intellectual property (IP). While the word is often thrown around and most entrepreneurs know about it by now, it still creates a lot of trouble for startups. While big companies are spending millions to protect their IP, startups can forget to look into the matter altogether or make silly mistakes.Yet getting it right could be the difference between building a successful business and going bust. The following guide will help you understand the importance of IP and the most common mistakes startups make. More importantly, the guide will show you how to avoid these mistakes and plan your IP to succeed. © Shutterstock.com | DooderIn this article, we will explore 1) what IP is and why it matters, 2) common mistakes to avoid with intellectual property, 3) planning tips for startups, and 4) conclusion.WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND WHY DOES IT MATTER?So, what is IP all about? In short, IP refers to inventions and creations of the mind. This could be a piece of art, like a symbol or a specific design, or the names and images you use for commercial purposes. They act similar to other property rights, in that they provide the creator or the owner of that product the possibility of benefiting from the creation.Intellectual property is protected by law â€" there are different country-specific legislations, as well international laws that govern intellectual property rights. The laws used for protection fall under the following categories:Patents â€" Patents cover products or processes, or the way things operate. The product or process must be original and inventive in comparison to idea s that are already out there. It is possible to file country-specific patents or apply for an international patent. A software program could be an example of intellectual property covered by a patent.Trademarks â€" Trademarks protect the signs and designs, which distinguish the product from that of other traders. The Facebook logo and the Apple logo are examples of trademarks. Interestingly, you could also get a trademark for a specific smell or the product’s design, like a special bottle.Registered design â€" Registered designs protect more deeply the way things look. A specifically shaped mobile phone or a pattern in a pair of jeans could have a registered design.Copyrights â€" Copyrights protect the business or person’s artistic work from being copied. This could be the copy of a website or the content of a book, for example.Check out the YouTube video below for more information: Why does it matter?The above should help you understand what intellectual property is, but it mig ht not explain why it is crucial for a startup (or indeed any business).There are a number of reasons for paying attention to the importance of IP. In short, the proper implementation of intellectual property will provide a startup with:Protection â€" IP will provide a startup more protection against copycats. This in turn, will naturally provide more leverage against competition. Other businesses won’t be able to use your brilliant business idea and benefit from it. You’ll be legally protected â€" in case someone uses your product ideas without permission, you’ll have the law on your side and you can seek compensation. You won’t need to worry about a costly lawsuit, such as the one filed against Facebook.Security â€" The business will enjoy more security against theft, for example, once IP is sorted. Furthermore, appropriate IP can protect your customers as well, as they are purchasing from a legitimate company that upholds their consumer rights. It also guarantees counterf eit products don’t become a headache you need to deal with down the road.Leverage with investors â€" Another big benefit for startups is the improved attractiveness to investors, if you have sorted out IP rights. Investors know it adds more value to your startup and seeking financing is much easier once you have IP sorted out. This doesn’t necessarily mean a fully planned and organized IP system, but you should show investors that you at least understand the importance of IP and know how to go about achieving it.COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID WITH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYAs the above shows, intellectual property has plenty of benefits for startups and getting it sorted out will help your business to succeed. But unfortunately, many startups still fall for some of the common hurdles when it comes to IP.Here’s a look at the most common IP mistakes and how you can avoid making them with your startup. First, it’s a good idea to look at the big picture and the crucial mistakes you need to avoid.1) Assuming it’s unimportantAmong the biggest mistakes you can make is to assume IP doesn’t matter. Fixing your IP rights after you’ve already been operating the business will be a long process and not often even possible. For example, for a patent application to go through, the idea needs to have been out of public knowledge. As soon as you have put it out there and marketed your product, getting a patent will become a lot more difficult.It’s also a lot more costly to start fixing the lack of IP, rather than spend money on sorting it out from the get-go. You might be faced with lawsuits, people might already be using your product design or names and sorting this out once your business is up and running won’t be easy.As soon as you have a business or product idea and you’ve spent some time ensuring the plan could work, start looking into intellectual property.2) Not doing sufficient researchResearch isn’t just crucial in order to protect your intellectual proper ty against other people using it. While it is naturally important to guarantee your intellectual property isn’t stolen and you are protected in the long-term, proper research can also save you from breaching another’s IP rights.If you don’t look into trademarks, patents and trade designs, you won’t know whether someone has already protected a similar product. You don’t want to be breaching other peoples’ IP, as this could end up being the end of your business.As well as ensuring you do enough research to protect your own products and ideas, make sure you also look carefully into the protection that is already out there. If you conduct proper research from the start, you can protect your business from any legal and financial troubles later on.3) Rushing through the processMany startups do understand the importance of sorting out IP. The problem is that many of them then decide to get it all sorted out quickly, without paying enough attention to the whole process. Sorting out IP matters won’t happen overnight and you don’t want to make mistakes by rushing your project.The process of getting your intellectual property applications through isn’t always a straightforward process. The process can be complicated and costly and you don’t want to end up doing it more than once.You also don’t want to waste money seeking a patent or a copyright for products that cannot receive one. For example, there are a number of technologically advanced systems that you might not be able to get a patent for or you might not need one in the first place.Don’t just expect that every aspect of your business and product require intellectual property protection. First, understand what requires IP protection and fill out the application carefully afterwards. Don’t try to rush into anything.4) Waiting too longOn the other hand, you can’t sit still and ponder about the IP issues forever. Especially if your startup is already running test or marketing groups and you are involving other people in the process. You need to act swiftly to ensure it isn’t too late to start protecting your intellectual property.In most countries, applications for intellectual property rights have deadlines. For instance, a patent often must be filed within one year of it being printed, disclosed or offered to be sold. Similar time periods are in use around the globe so you need to make sure you start looking into intellectual property as soon as you have your business idea.5) Using DIY strategyThe Internet is great for finding out more about legal proceedings and the processes behind setting up a business. Technology has empowered many entrepreneurs to take back more control. Using these online guides and tips can be a great way to save your business some money.But the ‘Do It Yourself’ (DIY) approach can be the downfall of many companies, especially in the more difficult areas such as IP. While guidebooks like this can give you a better understanding of the pr ocesses and the importance of IP, it is essential to consider seeking out an expert’s opinion.Generic information about IP will guide you in the right direction, but it can’t answer the more intricate details concerning your business. A legal expert in the field of intellectual property is much more able to ensure your business covers all the key areas.The above mistakes are commonly made by startups and just by avoiding them, you can guarantee your startup is appropriately protected. But there are also more specific types of mistakes startups tend to make.These include the following:Having problems with the nameYou might have come up with a catchy name for your business; you go through all the planning and setting up only to receive a notification the name is already trademarked. On the other hand, many startups set up and conduct business for years until they find one day that there have been new companies popping up using the same name.Many startups also make the mistake of c hecking out a domain name and if it’s free, they assume the business can be registered with that name. Furthermore, many assume that by registering their business, the trademark of the name is also covered. But this doesn’t automatically happen; you need to register both â€" often separately.When you are planning to start a business and you come up with a name, run a domain check and a business registration check. If both are clear, you should also check if the trademark is still free for use. Do all three checks before you register any of them or start using the name.Signing the wrong contractsStartups tend to be organic and often have a structure of informality. While these can be great in fostering innovation and ideas, you still need to make sure the formal aspects of running a business are taken care of appropriately.It is easy to overlook the importance of having your intellectual property rights sorted and then including these into all agreements you sign with your employ ees and your business partners.For example, you might ask an outside contractor to design a website for your company. If you don’t sign the right contract to commission the work, the contractor might end up with the intellectual property rights for the design! Whether you are creating a contract with your employee or another business, you need to make sure the contracts spell out the full rights of the products and design for your business.When you are preparing the documents and contracts, again, professional help is often needed. A DIY approach to contracts can result in omitting certain information and you might not cover all the essential points. Furthermore, if you are using a professional, such as a freelancer, make sure they have the right qualifications and know how the legal system in your country works!You also shouldn’t assume the documents you find on the Internet are appropriate to use. Sometimes this ‘copy paste’ approach can lead to many problems.Forgetting a bout trade secretsMany startup ideas and products have their foundation elsewhere. Perhaps you were working for a technology employer and suddenly came up with a great idea for your own business. You might rush to start your business without realizing you are using trade secrets of your previous employer as part of your business idea.There are tons of other types of information from prior employers that startups can utilize. These could be trade secrets, but they could also be customer lists, management strategies and the use of computer software. It is easy to overlook their importance to the previous employer or forget they might be covered by legal contracts.Companies, especially the big ones, are aggressive in protecting their intellectual property â€" as they should. Forgetting about trade secrets such as this cannot just cost money for your startup, you might be found to be criminally liable for the breach.You need to make sure you carefully look at your project and business, and separate the areas that you might be carrying over from your previous employer. Make sure you check that using the information isn’t a breach of intellectual property.Using open source softwareOpen source software is a wonderful thing, but startups can make a number of crucial mistakes when opting to use it. While it might sound like a great idea, you can quickly contaminate the whole project by using open source software.If your project uses open source, even in small bits, you might need to disclose the source code to your competitors. This might mean you cannot file for intellectual property protection.The best option is to avoid using open source software altogether. If you must use it, you should consult a legal advisor before the final decision to guarantee you won’t hurt your business by doing so.PLANNING TIPS FOR STARTUPSThe above mistakes and tips on how to avoid them should help your startup in the planning process. On top of this, here are few more crucial tips to keep in mind when you start planning for intellectual property rights:Begin by understanding as much about intellectual property as you can. By reading this guide, you are already on the right path. Educate yourself as much as you can and start looking for expert help as well.While you need to begin looking for outside expertise, you don’t need to do it right from the start. Doing your own searches first can help you save a lot of time. For example, google.com/patents brings up a plethora of information for finding out about existing patents.Find yourself a good intellectual property lawyer. Don’t hire the first one you find, but look into their qualifications and remember to agree on the price before signing aConduct an audit on your startup’s products and services to ensure you understand which aspects need protection.When you know what you need, start filing as soon as possible to ensure you do everything on time.Consider the future. You need to know the outlook of your bu siness to ensure you are adequately covered for the future.CONCLUSIONIf you want to protect your startup and ensure it has the best possibilities to succeed, you need to make sure you pay attention to intellectual property rights.Figuring out what your business needs is going to be easier to do right from the start, as it can prevent you from making mistakes or allowing other people to benefit from your ideas.While professional services can cost a lot of money and your startup most likely doesn’t have a never-ending financing stream, in the long-term figuring out IP at the start and ensuring you do it exactly right will end up costing less. It gives you financial security and it could spark interest in investors.Don’t try to save money by doing it all yourself either. As the above showed, a DIY approach to IP can sometimes end up in a disaster no matter how much you’ve tried. Just start planning early and ask for help from seasoned professionals.

Fantastic Voyage Battle of the Lung - 1749 Words

| Fantastic Voyage | Battle of the Lung | | India Hornsby | HS 130, Section 03Unit 4 AssignmentKaplan UniversityMarch 27, 2012 | | Good morning everyone! Signing on, India Hornsby with ASAP Health. I will be reporting live inside Mrs. Frizzle. She has been under the weather for about two days now. A bacterium is invading the lower lobe of her right lung. It’s my job to pilot the invasion and do a live report on what I see. I will enter from the right femoral vein and follow a path to the lower lobe of the right lung via the right pulmonary artery. I will be describing the structures that I pass by and through. Once I have reached the lung, I will describe the structures that I see and discuss how the body fights against†¦show more content†¦It begins at the base of the heart’s right ventricle and is approximately 3 cm in diameter and 5 cm in length (Yahoo Health, 2012). It then splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery delivers oxygen depleted blood to the right lung. From the right pulmonary artery I have made it to the right lung. Once in th e lung I will travel South West to reach the lower lobe of the right lung. I’m finally in the lung. I can finally see what it looks like. I see a structure that looks like a three without leaves. I am passing the right primary bronchi. It is a tube like structure that allow for the passage of air between the trachea and lung (Health Type, 2012). As I move along the right primary bronchi branches off into the right secondary bronchi. Each one of the bronchi serves as an airway to a specific lobe of the lung (Wikipedia, 2011). The bronchi have cartilage plates, smooth muscles, and mucus-secreting gland cells in its wall (Wikipedia, 2011). They contain cilia, which removes dust and debris. Wow! The right secondary bronchi are branching off into very small passageways called bronchioles. The bronchioles are responsible for controlling air distribution and airflow resistance in the lungs (Wise Geek, 2012). They also contain cilia that help move air through the system. The bronchioles are now terminating at the alveolar ducts. They are the ti ny end ducts that fill the lungs. At the end ofShow MoreRelatedFantasy Voyage from Femoral Vein to Right Lobe of the Lung Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pages130 Unit 4 Assignment Fantasy Voyage and Battle of the Lung Hello everyone and welcome aboard! I am S Y. with Voyage Health. Today, we will embark together in my mini-sub and we shall travel through the body of this young lady named Lola. In this journey we will enter her body through the femoral vein and travel all the way to her lung. Alert! Alert! An alert just came and we are in for a surprise. Bacteria have invaded Lola’s lower lobe of her right lung and we shall report the invasionRead MoreEssay on Use of Nanotechnology in Medecine2565 Words   |  11 Pages The idea of placing a very small controllable object into the human body in order to accomplish a medical feat, believe it or not, came from a science fiction film! In 1966, a movie by the name of Fantastic Voyage was produced and explored the subject. In this movie, a spy with critical information was nearly assassinated and left comatose with a potentially fatal clot in his brain. To save his life and to retrieve the top secret information, a submarine was shrunk to microbe sizeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesreactive and to act on intuitions or ‘gut instinct.’ 10 ────CONCEPT CHECK──── Ramones friend says, Ramone, look at those two white guys on the other side of the street. They look friendly. The blond guy with him looks like he would rip your lungs out just to see what would happen. The other one is just as fierce, and hes carrying the radio I lost yesterday; its got my sticker on the side. If Ramone leaves believing that the two guys are friendly because his friend said, They look friendlyRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesreach. Charlie Chaplin captured this aspect of mass production in one of the opening scenes of his famous movie Modern Times (1936). In the ï ¬ lm, Chaplin caricatured a new factory employee ï ¬ ghting to work at the machine-imposed pace but losing the battle to the machine. Henry Ford also used the principles of scientiï ¬ c management to identify the tasks that each worker should perform on the production line and thus to determine the most effective way to create a division of labor to suit the needs of

The Inevitability And Fear Of Death - 1111 Words

Marie Fithian Callender World Lit 5 February 2015 The Inevitability and Fear of Death The Epic of Gilgamesh is full of themes in which the force of love, fear of death, and power of the Gods are portrayed. The theme of death and the inevitability of it are not only just themes but are themes that reflect on who Gilgamesh is as a character. Death is an inevitable and inescapable fact of human life, in which Gilgamesh is determined to overcome by becoming immortal. Because Gilgamesh is known for his godly power, strength, and ambition the gods decided to counteract his arrogance with the creation of Enkidu†¦man of the wild. Enkidu was created to put Gilgamesh in his place, but with a kiss they began to call one another brother. Gilgamesh the beloved king of Uruk is bitter that only the gods can live forever which ultimately decides that he shall find a way to prove differently. With the help of Enkidu, Gilgamesh sets out on a quest for immortality. The theme of the inevitability of death is prominent as shown by his fear, experie nce, and acceptance. Gilgamesh’s fear of death is what ultimately makes him the king his is in the end of the poem. Death is something in life everyone fears. People either except it or they do not. Most people take things for granted and do not realize till it is gone what they missed. Just like any other high authority who has made a name for him or herself, Gilgamesh does not want death to be in his future for he wants to carry on his legacy forShow MoreRelatedDeath Is Impossibly Unpredictable By William Cullen Bryant968 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, one certainty exists in life: death. Even though it is certain, it provokes the deepest and most fearful reaction. Why is death so dreaded? It is something that many find hard to comprehend because of its finality, mystery, and unpredictability. Death surrounds each and every one of us at every stage of life, whether it is the death of a family member or friend or worse, the fear of death of someone close, even ourselves. The confusion and negativity of death can become consuming as people searchRead MoreThe Battle Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh931 Words   |  4 Pageshe doubts their ability to defeat Humbaba, and it comes down to Gilgamesh, and his leadership to reiterate the ongoing theme of companionship in order to convince Enkidu to continue fighting in order to finish the battle. The theme of the inevitability of death is also shown throughout this column, with Enkidu’s injury being a clear indication of what is undoubtedly going to happen later in the poem. Column VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh begins with Enkidu seeking reassurance and support from GilgameshRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdies, which leaves Gilgamesh to extremely grieve for the loss of his friend. In order to avoid death Gilgamesh seeks out immortality from a man called Utanapishtam. Unfortunately Gilgamesh soon learns that he cannot escape death because he finally comes to terms with his own mortality and discovers that death is inevitable. The contrasting themes of love and friendship, fear of failure, inevitability of death, and wisdom of experience that occur throughout the Epic of Gilgamesh show how man cannot escapeRead MoreHow Should One Face Death Be Controlled By Humans1210 Words   |  5 Pages According to Epictetus, how should one face death – both one’s own death and the death of people close to you? Compare and contrast this attitude with the attitude of another figure we have studied in the course (e.g., Hector, Achilles, Antigone, Socrates). Do you accept either of these attitudes? Why In his handbook, Epictetus asserts that the gods created a perfectly just universe. Humans must align their beliefs with the wills of the gods and acquiesce to whatever happens in the worldRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Everyman, The Summoning Of Everyman1378 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpretation. However, Death takes most of critical role (Goldhamer, 1973). Everyman is the main character but without Death, the play would lack its illuminative and illustrative nature. Nonetheless, the author depicts Death as the messenger of God, cruel judge as well as rescuer of humankind. According to the author, human kind is supposed to be answerable for the mistakes committed by Adam. Indeed, the bad deed raises the sins of Everyman Perception and treatment of Death The author of the playRead MoreThe Buddha, The Dharma, And The Sangha873 Words   |  4 Pagesenlightenment. The pervasiveness and inevitability of suffering in human life was a main topic contemplated by Buddha throughout his life. The sources of suffering are key in the path to enlightenment, and Buddha realized this in his quest to enlightenment as well. These topics, among other core teachings of Buddhism, are substantiated and outlined by the experiences of the last Buddha. One of the most core topics explored by Buddhism, the pervasiveness and inevitability of suffering in human life, wasRead MoreDeath Of The Great Mysteries Of Human Existence1187 Words   |  5 PagesDeath. This human inevitability is among the most frequent subjects in ancient literature. It is a crucial fact of life, yet no one is certain what lies beyond. Death itself is often not thought of until tragedy strikes, and until then, individuals often look at the world much more optimistically. Authors, in particular, have the entire world and its experiences from which to draw their inspiration. However, death has and will always be one of the most prominent themes explored in literature, asRead MoreInevitability of Genetic Modification in Redesigning Humans Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesmetaphor to enhance the journey into the future, substance to present the immense possibilities biological modification will introduce, and appeal to pathos to create fear and excitement, Stock arg ues that the rebirth of humanity is certain and the world should accept the change. Stock uses metaphor to emphasize the inevitability of the genetic future and to show how crucial genome modification is for the future of society. He addresses worries that once humans begin altering their natures, theRead More Comparing The Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah and the Flood Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe ultimate powerlessness to be in control of deaths inevitability is something that both Gilgamesh and Noah encounter. Gilgamesh faces the death of his closest companion, Enkidu, with hopelessness, fear, and anger. In his bitterness he cried, How can I be at peace? Despair is in my heart. What my brother is now, that I shall be when I am dead. (p. 141) To Siduris questioning, Gilgamesh responds, Because of my brother I am afraid of death, because of my brother I stray through the wildernessRead MoreEveryman: The play1213 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor uses Death as a character to express truth that everyone will, inevitably, come in contact with death. In the play Everyma n, death is embodied as a representative of God that visits the plays central character, Everyman. Death takes hold of the readers’ interests because it is such a profound word. It is a burdened, aggressive, penetrating word that replicates an actuality that every human will have to come to accept. Death is an adversary in the play that signifies physical death. The author

The Anti Vaccine Movement Paper - 1004 Words

Pierce Kurek Anti-Vaccine Movement Paper 4 September 2016 The first argument that I found compelling – in the manner that someone with little formal training in science might be susceptible to – was the claim that there are unnatural and dangerous chemicals and poisons in vaccines. Through looking at a short list provided by the Healthy Home Economist, you can see things that would make any parent nervous: formaldehyde, aluminum, mercury, antifreeze, and many more. These are dangerous chemicals, and the anti-vaccine movement argues that they should not be injected into the bloodstreams of children, which sounds absolutely reasonable. However, the key here is dosage. A large dose of anything can be dangerous; you can drown in water, or have your kidneys fail incurring hyponatremia if you drink too much water without replenishing sodium lost through sweat during intense exercise. The same principle occurs here. Formaldehyde is ever present in day to day life. It is found in car exhaust, household products such as carpets, upholstery, and paint, and even in cough drops and mouthwash. In low doses, it is not harmful. Aluminum is also consumed on a daily basis, with the average adult consuming 30 to 50 mg per day through food, drinking water, and medicines. Vaccines that contain aluminum typically contain .125 to .625mg, which is only 1% of what is consumed daily regardless of vaccination. Mercury is perhaps the easiest to dismiss, as it naturally exists in breast milk andShow MoreRelatedVaccination Of A Doctor s Office1064 Words   |  5 Pagesof vaccines; Live, attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Subunit vaccines, and Conjugate vaccines. The first type of vaccine is the live, attenuated vaccine, which fights viruses. Examples of these types of vaccines include measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. The second type of vaccine is the inactive vaccine, which also fight viruses. The inactivated polio vaccine is an example of this type of vaccine. The third type of vaccine is theRead MoreA Doctors Office1266 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped in the United States, but during this time rabies, plague, and cholera vaccines had been created. However, no regulations for how the vaccination was produced existed. This changed in 1902, when the U.S. Congress passed â€Å"an act to regulate the sale of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products.† In the 20th century, developing a new vaccination is a long, complex process, usually lasting 10-15 years. For a new vaccine to be tested and developed it has to go through multiple stages such as,Read MoreVaccination Is A Method Of Defense Against Infection Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesVaccination has been a method of defense against infection since the first smallpox vaccine was created in 1796. This vaccine paved the way for the future of infection protection that is current day vaccination. Vaccines are used to prevent pathogenic disease in many individuals w orldwide and are thought to be one of the most effective infection protection methods available. They are highly regarded in the scientific community for their safety, efficacy, ability to work cohesively with the immuneRead MoreMmr Vaccine And The Vaccine1281 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines; a more than spectacular development of science which has prevented countless numbers of diseases by giving one’s body an immunity to a microorganism by stimulating the body’s immune system and giving it the ability to recognize the pathogen as it enters the body to be more easily and readily destroyed. Autism, on the other hand, has not yet been fully linked back to a specific cause or reason. Because of this uncertainty, disgruntled parents have chosen to believe ideas with no scientificRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Measles Vaccine1133 Words   |  5 PagesPoking is Optional In 1998, British medical journal The Lancet, published a research paper written by Dr. Andrew Wakefield and his research partners. This particular paper stated that there was a direct link between autism, Gastrointestinal Decease and the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. It concluded that a specific mercury based preservative found in the vaccine caused neurological damage to some children (Wakefield). Numerous doctors and researchers of all kinds tried to duplicateRead MoreBenefits Of Getting Vaccinated Far Out Weigh The Risks Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: In recent years there has been a movement against giving vaccines to children, that now has nearly 40% of parents in the United States following along. But it is due to these vaccines that most children today have never experienced diseases such as polio or the measles such as their grandparents have. Since they have not seen these diseases, parents feel it is unnecessary to vaccinate them for fear of developing the possible side effects or because of reports they cause autism.Read MoreThe Epidemic Of The Anti Vaccination Movement861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epidemic of the Anti-Vaccination Movement In 1988, 350,000 cases of polio, an incurable virus that can cause permanent paralysis or death, were reported. In 2014, only 359 cases were reported (â€Å"Poliomyelitis†). The reason for this dramatic decline in cases was a global initiative to vaccinate children and eradicate the virus. No longer did parents have to warn their children away from crowded areas or swimming pools for fear of their child contracting polio. However, as the relief faded andRead MoreInformative Speech : Vaccinations Should Be Viewed As Essential For Protection Of Society1396 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood vaccines are one of the great triumphs of modern medicine. Indeed, parents whose children are vaccinated no longer have to worry about their child’s death or disability from whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, hepatitis, or a host of other infections. Vaccines are the most cost-effective health care interventions there are. A dollar spent on a childhood vaccination not only helps save a l ife, but greatly reduces spending on future healthcare (Emanuel, 2011). Show Visual Aid - Vaccine PreventableRead MoreNegative Effects of Vaccinations Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pageshave become a very taboo subject for parents today. There is plenty of mis-information out there on the downsides of vaccinations, but none stand up to scientific inspection. Where has the concern about vaccinations come from? When the majority of vaccines were developed they were during a time when the nation or the world was fighting an epidemic. One such epidemic was Polio in the 1940’s and 1950’s in the United States. According to Peter Crosta, Polio is a highly contagious viral infection thatRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Vaccination1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthat getting vaccinated does save lives and out weights the concerns that the other group has. Through the course of this paper we are going to examine both sides to determine which side is more valid opinion than the other along with the risk we take by getting vaccinated and not getting vaccinated. In the end, what it all seems to come down to is does the benefits from the vaccine outweigh the risks that can come from getting it. Can vaccinations help prevent the spread of viruses and illnesses? There

Anti serial killer Essay Example For Students

Anti serial killer Essay In a world full of fears, perhaps the worst one a human being should have is that to be afraid of his fellow man. The human that should be most feared is the one thathas Anti-Social Personality Disorder or in laymens terms the psychopath. The psychopath is probably themost deviant mind that exists and treatment is not very successful because there is not a cure or drugto control it. The solution in my mind to control the problem of sociopaths is to let them live incolonies with each other. Through my research I will develop an understanding of this personalitydisorder and convince you the reader that my solution might be a viable solution. The sociopath is a combination of other mental illnesses that are incurred in childhood as a result of heredity, trauma and the lack of emotional development. The lack of moral oremotional development which gives a sociopath a lack of understanding for other peoples feelings whichenables them to be deceitful without feeling bad about whatever they do. The under developed emotionalsystem as explained in the video The World of Personality Disorders volume 5 says the sociopath isemotionally retarded . The sociopathic behavior problems that start as a child have links toheredity, a family with a pre-disposition to perform crimes, alcoholic parents that do crimes,irresponsible behavior that persists and parents that do not discipline. The child that will eventuallybe a sociopath exhibits certain feeling inside that they are inadequate, shamed and because of that theyare teased and made fun of. The child characteristics of a future sociopath consist of being incapable offollowing the rules . The youngster will skip school, bully, steal!, torment animals, run away from home and the child is likely to develop Attention Deficit HyperactivityDisorder or AD|HD. At an earlier age than their peer group the child will smoke drink, do drugs, andbecome sexually active. The diagnoses of Anti-Social Personality Disorder is not used for people underthe age of 18. The Psychopath is defined in the dictionary as a person suffering from, especially a severe mental disorder with aggressive antisocial behavior which is a nice way of saying areally bad and mean person. There are many characteristics of a sociopath and each sociopath has theirown special traits.A sociopath gets great gratification in the act of hurting someone for absolutely no reason. The behaviorof a sociopath is so close to normal it is extremely hard to diagnose. A sociopath is a person that actsagainst society and their sole purpose it seems is to act against the laws of the given land their end.The sociopath will in most cases become violent and abuse drugs and alcohol to facilitate the violentbehavior. The violence in many cases is the result of sub-concious decisions that might lead to murderingor assaulting someone for no reason. When a sociopath is attacking someone they will inflict more pain ifthe victim fights back. The lack of moral development lets the person feel no guilt or pain for what they did and quite possiblyfeel great about their actions. A sociopath has little self regard for themselves and pays littleattention to their own personal safety when picking fights. Quite often they will be outsized and gethurt. Some sociopaths are non-violent and stay out of prison by doing small crimes like swindling andinsurance fraud. It is possible that a sociopath will come from a normal home but their are more that donot. A sociopath has the opposite morals of society and by doing things like beating up people that are stronger than them they feel like they did something positive. A psychopath is very reactive and willblow their cool because of little things and no doubt assault the person they are reacting to. .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 , .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .postImageUrl , .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 , .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:hover , .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:visited , .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:active { border:0!important; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:active , .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77 .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54045e75c98bfc0d2660b6397b70ac77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Addiction Essay There is a possibility that saratonin a chemical that is linked to behavior has something todo with the disorder but is not the major cause. The type 2 male sociopath drinks heavily no matter what,has a history of frequent fights and arrests, they are impulsive risk takers, curious, excitable, quicktempered, optimistic and independent.Characteristic List be glib or superficial have a grandiose self image be deceitful or manipulative lack of remorse lack of empathy be impulsive be irresponsible be easily angered or frustrated have serious problems as .

The Lesson Essays (615 words) - The Lesson, Sylvia,

The Lesson The theme in The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara appears to be a lesson on Social Class and having a choice which society you choose to live in. Miss. Moore who takes on this responsibility to educate the young ones has more then a lesson to teach, but a challenging group of city kids to come by. Sylvia and Sugar which seems to be the leader of the group of neighborhood kids gives Miss. Moore that challenge and not give her the satisfaction. Sylvias stubborn and stern attitude is sear towards Miss. Moore perhaps Sylvia got a bad impression of Miss. Moore from all that was said about her by the grown-ups. The narrator speaks as a second person and to me Sylvia is the narrator in the story. When the narrator speaks it is she would always say I and when Miss. Moore asked Sylvia she states Im mad, but I wont give her that satisfaction. The story takes place in what some people might call the projects, or the gutto but in this case its called the slums by Miss, Moore. Miss. Moore starts and finishes be telling them what things cost and what their parents make and how money aint divided right in this country which is already part of what the lesson Miss. Moore is trying to come across. I feel that Miss. Moore kept an eye on Sylvia the most then Sugar, Junebug, Flyboy, Rosie and Mercede because Miss. Moore wants to get the message through to Sylvia, plus Sylvia is the one who influences Sugar and the other kids. When they arrived on Fifth Avenue that was when Sylvia and Sugar realize that the society they are surrounded by is nothing like the one they live in. To me Sylvia might have been kind of intimidated by her surroundings on Fifth Avenue thats why she hesitated to go into F.A.O Schwarz. So me and Sugar turn the corner where the entrance is, but when we got there I kinda hung back that was the line that gave me the impression. Sylvia ,Sugar and the rest of the kids gets a taste of society on Fifth Avenue, but it was miss. Moore who gives them the chance to experience it for themselves. Society is often perceived as a rich and fashionable social class depending on how you want to put it, but to the characters in the story of The Lesson They are naive, they are experiencing something that is totally new and it would be understandable if they didnt get Miss. Moore whole point of bring them to Fifth Avenue. It was obvious that Sugar and Mercede didnt get the point they only know that white people are crazy because of the prices they pay for a toy and fur coats. They were given a choice to change it all and be able to afford things white folks buy and live in a society theyve seen on Fifth Avenue. Although, Sylvia never wanted to give Miss. Moore the satisfaction I think that she was the only one who actually got the point and was thinking of what her future holds for her, plus she knows what she wants From my perspective this symbolizes different social classes, and I would say the difference in opinion each character has in the society theyve encounter. I personally like the title of The Lesson it speaks for itself and I think that by the title it really attracts a readers attention because of curiosity as to what the lesson is about. English Essays

How does the media portray football hooliganism Essays

How does the media portray football hooliganism Essays How does the media portray football hooliganism Essay How does the media portray football hooliganism Essay The publics opinion of this stereotypical image of rampant football fans has been strengthened by the media with the use of news reports, documentaries, and newspaper articles, but is it important how these are presented to the public? Macentyre investigates (a documentary in which John Macentyre explores the lives of football hooligans) and The Daily Stars presentation of Eric Cantonas reaction to racial taunts by a fan are two clear examples of media which have both been carefully orchestrated to strongly influence the opinion of the public, and show that there is more to football than 22 players kicking a ball around a field. The still image of Cantona hurdling a barrier has been deliberately edited to have a forceful impact on the opinion of the reader. Cantonas aggression, determination and skill are displayed to the reader in this photograph due to the fact that the editor has kept the advertising barrier in the shot. It proves that Cantonas adrenaline must have been running high in order for him to jump over such a large barrier and kick somebody in the chest. The display of his athleticism is boosted by the letters on the barrier being large, white letters, making the barrier appear large. The Macentyre visual presentation also displays the skill of the hooligans by including long range CCTV footage of numerous fights that have broken out between fans of rival clubs. On one occasion, a football fan hits a fan from a rival football club with a large iron bar, giving the impression that he is strong and powerful. Power is an aspect that is focused on greatly in the documentary; a fish eye lens that is looking up at the hooligan being interviewed is used. This may have been because the camera needed to be hidden, or it could have been done on purpose to make the hooligans seem more forceful and vigorous. This image is increased with scenes of the hooligans driving in large, fast cars and throughout the programme, and the sound is slightly distorted, making the hooligans voices sound deep and forceful. The editor of the video has later added non-diegetic sounds. The documentary consistently contains daunting music that engages the audience and amplifies the terror that is taking place. There is also a lot of diegetic sound that has been included; when the hooligans are being interviewed in the pub there is a lot of shouting and cheering in the background. When the hooligans are at the football ground, the sounds of a riot taking place can be heard continuously. The photograph of Cantona is a medium shot with the camera at a low level. It may have been like this for a specific reason; the photographer may of only wanted to include the player and the members of the crowd who were looking at Cantona to sharpen the focus on him. But it is also likely that the photographer would not of had time to calculate the shot of this spontaneous act of hooliganism, and so would of hurriedly pointed his/her camera in the direction of the incident and taken the photo. Although the still image is in black and white, this contrast provides enough colour to influence the impression that the photograph creates. The picture is lighter at the bottom and fades into black at the top. The attention of the reader is drawn to the large letters at the bottom of the picture and the large no.7 on Cantonas back, sharpening the focus on Cantona. As admitted by a self confessed hooligan in the Macentyre video, the more experienced hooligans hide at the back of the back of the stands and stay protected, while the newer hooligans are vulnerable at the front. Because the photograph is darker at the top, it appears that the experienced hooligans seem to be hiding under the cover of darkness and getting away with abusing Cantona, while the louder, inexperienced hooligans continually abuse Cantona and draw the attention of the target. The picture contains two types of people, player and fan. The fans differ in age and appearance, but all show facial expressions of shock in different ways. When the picture is quickly looked at, as it would be by most readers of The Daily Star, the reader would notice the members of the crowd who are covering their faces or have their mouths wide open in shock. The photograph contains no officials or stewards, showing that the attack was not anticipated. On the left of the picture, there is a hand that is trying to stop Cantona from carrying out the attack. But this person can do nothing, Cantona is too determined and out of control. Similarly, the Macentyre documentary contains few shots of police officers controlling the hooligans, showing that they too are out of control. Also, the editor has left out images of the supporters wearing football strips, and in the Cantona photograph there is not single fan wearing a football strip either. This makes the fans look like a stereotypical football hooligan and although the fans in the still image may be supporting different teams, they are united by the casual uniform that they are wearing and gives the impression that Cantona is on his own against the terraces. The caption at the bottom of the article forms the bottom 20% of the page, and this is another of the first things that the reader would notice when reading this newspaper. It contains the statement: The Daily Star Says in capital letters, which gives the impression that the Daily Star is expressing their opinion openly. This statement is followed by a variation of the popular saying when the shit hits the fan. It contains an expletive in which three of the letters have been replaced by punctuation marks, but it is still clear to the reader what the word is because the S remains and the i is replaced by an exclamation mark, which is an inverted i. The phrase has been deliberately engineered to have a double meaning; if the question mark is removed, it refers directly to Cantona as a shit. When it is left in, the phrase questions Cantonas actions. The semantic field of war is clearly present throughout the documentary. When arranging the fights, the hooligans refer to their associates as their army and soldiers. Similar to a war, the people in the video are shown equipping themselves with weapons, such as guns and knives. This shows how serious the hooligans are, and the lengths they are prepared to go to when they reach the terraces. The entire video seems to be like a war; it is known where the two sides will meet, both sides are prejudice because of where the other comes from and they are all prepared to kill. The Macentyre documentary and The Daily Stars presentation of the Cantona incident are different types of media, but with careful editing they both give out the same message to the viewing public about football hooliganism.

Descartes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Descartes - Term Paper Example Essentially, the mind/body problem centers on trying to determine what constitutes 'real' experience. It is clear that the mind can fool the body into thinking it is experiencing something. Examples of this are found in the experiences of people with lost limbs or psychosomatic illness. However, the body can also fool the mind into experiencing something, such as in the case of false scents, misperceptions or vertigo. It is necessary to investigate the theories of Descartes any time one is researching dualism because it was Descartes who first suggested the body and mind could be divided and he who began to define the proper realms of the mind as compared to that of the body. The more these ideas are researched, though, the more they seem to fall apart. Dualism is the result of an attempt by Descartes to bring the discipline of mathematics with its basis on ‘real’ factual knowledge together with the more intangible concepts of thought. His attempt is characterized by a c ategorical rejection of anything that could not be externally proven. This method is now referred to as hyperbolic doubt. Regarding this method, Burnham and Fieser say â€Å"he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers – but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. ... en applied to the school of philosophic thought because the formalist paradigm of the Socratic-Platonics denied any possibility of empirical knowledge. â€Å"On this view, sensory experience can inform us only about appearances, about how things seem. Authentic knowledge (episteme), however, must be of reality. The idea of empirical knowledge, that is, experiential knowledge, is thus intrinsically incoherent. The provenance of knowledge proper, that is, knowledge of the eternal and independent Forms, is reason alone. With regard to the world available to us through the senses, the world of appearances, we can aspire only to opinion (doxa)† (Rosenberg). According to the formalist paradigm, then, there is no means by which a mortal human being can access the epistemic knowledge Descartes sought simply because we do not have the appropriate capabilities required to understand what it is we are seeing/experiencing at this level. To accomplish the type of evidence he required, Desc artes applied four basic rules of logic to his process of discovery to use as guides and method. The first rule applied was that he could only accept truths that were 'clearly and distinctly' known to be true. The second rule employed was to reduce problems down to their most common elements. This enabled the philosopher to tackle them each as micro problems which could then contribute to solving the macro. The third rule was to proceed in logical order from the easiest solution to the most difficult so as to reduce the weight of issues being considered. The fourth and final rule was to take a broad view of each individual micro-problem in order to be sure nothing has been missed at the macro level. As Brians comments, â€Å"He calls into question everything that he thinks he has learned through his

First Language Acquisition Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

First Language Acquisition - Literature review Example s of language acquisition illustrate that imitation is not sufficient to understand first language and use it flawlessly within the short time that children manage to expend while learning it. According to Hauser (2000, p352) imitation is neither applicable in other primates in experimental learning of simple learning following instructions. This illustrates the complexity of language learning, a fact that underscores the structured nature of the process of first language acquisition in early childhood. Another key fact witnessed in the process followed in early childhood during the acquisition of first language involves production of sounds by the baby, despite the fact that they never heard them before. Pardo, Piorkowski, Remez and Rubin (2001, p.25) observe that different qualities of sound require specialized production which cannot simply originate from imitated actions. The authors further enumerate the role of non-speech communication learnt by children as an important reference point that imitation must not take the whole concept of language acquisition, which is complex than that. This fact underscores the high neurological involvement of the human learning process, best done during early stages of development. Involving language in this category of learning processes shows that communication is part of the innate social attributes that human beings possess, with language acting as a highly specialized indicator of high-end species organization (Chomsky, Fitch and Hauser 2 002, p570). A different perspective on the facts of acquisition of language highlights the issue of competence and performance, where children demonstrate impeccable acquisition of understanding before practicing. According to Chomsky (2000, p77) initial language usage does not necessarily correspond with understanding of issues, which could hinder communication. The author bases theories of competence on the principle that language is more of an expression of inner monologue among

Impact of Boxer Rebellion on Chinas World Relations

Impact of Boxer Rebellion on Chinas World Relations What impact did the Boxer Rebellion have  on China’s relations with the rest of the world? The Boxer Rebellion instigated an unprecedented coordinated military response from international powers after The Righteous and Harmonious Fists more commonly known as the Boxers had mutilated and slaughtered thousands of Chinese Christian converts, Western missionaries and foreign nationals.[1] The atrocities occurred between 1898 and 1900 when the Boxers began targeting their perceived enemies in the Shandong region of China before spreading north to Beijing. The Boxers could not differentiate between the Christian missionaries’ desire to proselytise China’s peasants and forced westernisation. This paper contends that the Boxer Rebellion both wounded and opened relations between China and the outside world. Clearly, the discriminate violence of the Boxers shocked and angered the international community.[2] Therefore, far from achieving their objective of purging China from globalisation and the westernisation of Chinese peasants, it caused the world to hone in on Chin a. Inadvertently the Boxer Rebellion opened international relationships with China and the outside world. Countries like the United States refrained from argumentative dialogue and began to have meaningful diplomatic discussions with the Chinese government. Nevertheless, the Boxer Protocol, signed in 1901, seriously affected China’s relationship with the world. The protocol virtually bankrupted China’s economy. The Qing Dynasty was forced to pay three hundred and thirty three million United State dollars indemnity to foreign countries affected by the Boxer’s violence.[3] The Boxer Rebellion like the majority of insurrections has no narrative from the insurgents. The historiographies of rebellions are a combination of texts of victims, politicians, historians and other academics as in the case the Boxer Rebellion. The majority of eyewitness accounts are usually anonymous but reveal the harsh reality of death associated with insurrections. Cohen gives a perfect ex ample of this when he cites an eyewitness account of a Chinese individual who witnessed the scene of death during the Boxer Rebellion in Tianjing in 1900, the eyewitness describes the atrocities of the rebellion, they declare, ‘There are many corpses floating in the river. Some were without heads, others were missing limbs. The bodies of women often had their nipples cut off and their genitalia mutilated†¦ There were also bodies in shallow areas by the banks with flocks of crows pecking away at them. The smell was so bad we had to cover our noses the whole day. Still, no one came out to collect the bodies for burial. People said that they were all Christians who had been killed by the Boxers and the populace dare not get involved.’[4] Boyd contends that ‘most Westerners went to China to make money or to make converts.’[5] Neither reason was popular with the Righteous Harmonious Fists (Boxers). They viewed themselves as representatives of the Chinese peasantry and rigorously opposed all foreigners. Although, by the end of the nineteenth century, China’s population had reached three hundred and fifty million the majority of Chinese peasants had never encountered foreigners or Western missionaries.[6] Nevertheless, the Boxers held a strong belief that foreigners and Christian missionaries were responsible for the breakdown in the fabric of simple Chinese peasant society and they dishonoured their traditional spiritual and community. Furthermore, the Boxers attributed China’s natural disasters such as flood, drought and famine to the corruption of Christianity. Drought followed the great flood of the Yellow River in 1898 and left two million peasants starving and desperate. The Boxers a bott om up organisation without official leadership saw themselves as representatives of the peasantry in the Shandong region of northern China.[7] Likewise, the missionaries imposed power in the villages they occupied and they were involved in legal decision-making. The missionaries infuriated the Boxers even more because they were not just content to proselytise Christianity they also rejected Confucianism.[8] Harrison contends that the Boxers believed Catholic missionaries posed the greatest threat to Chinese morality. She argues that the Boxers targeted villages where the well-established Catholic missionaries had taken on the role of officials. The Boxers believed that because central government had failed to tackle the issue of village politics and moral issues they would take the law into their own hands.[9] However, this argument is neutralised by the excessive violence and murder of Catholics committed by the Boxers in the villages of central Shanxi.[10] The Boxers believed they were impervious to pain; they could withstand attack from both sword, and bullet. Their strange beliefs made them merciless fighters and a therefore a dangerous enemy of foreigners, Chinese Christian converts and missionaries. Even if their beliefs were well founded and justifiable, their methods of resolving their perceived problems were inexcusable and crude.[11] The Boxers fervent mystical beliefs are not a new phenomenon because allegedly, in preceding years Chinese peasants had experienced similar supernatural powers following natural disasters. Male peasants believed that they acquired special ‘religious’ spiritual powers to overcome the disasters.[12] However, the Boxers method of dealing with the threat was incomprehensible. Fleming’s contentious claim that at the beginning of the Boxer regime, ninety percent of the Boxers were just peasants in ‘fancy dress’ is debateable. However, he declares that as time went by thei r ‘sartorial costume’ of red and yellow turbans and sashes became less important and the majority of Boxers held strong political ideologies.[13] Following the suppression of the Boxer’s by the international counterinsurgency force,[14] each nation affected by Boxer violence sought retribution. However, some nations were less harsh than others were. For example, the United States highlighted this in their response. Secretary of State John Hay fearing China’s partition by European nations following the Boxer Rebellion issued a memorandum in July 1900 to those countries affected by the rebellion. Hay suggested that they should continue to support China’s ‘administrative and territorial integrity.’[15] In reality the United States were protecting their own trading interests in China. Furthermore, the United States practised a strict anti-imperialistic foreign policy.[16] However, the United States outward support of the Qing Dynasty was a contradiction of their policies towards Chinese immigrants. Ironically, the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 and the Geary Act 1892 effectively prevented Chinese peop le from entering America.[17] After the suppression on the Boxer Rebellion, China supported American military presence in Beijing to repel any further rebellions following the defeat of the Boxers. The United States politely refused and withdrew from China in October 1900. The commander of the American counterinsurgency force stated, ‘Let us hope that this generous, charitable, and magnanimous treatment of the vanquished may prove an example to the nations of the world, and a step forward in the world’s progress toward a higher and nobler humanity. We are glad to know that this work is appreciated to you. It is needless to tell you, however, that the United States does not maintain an army for the purpose of furnishing the city of Peking with good municipal government, and as a business proposition your appeal for the United States forces to remain longer in Peking has little to stand upon.[18] Britain was slow to respond to the Boxer Rebellion.[19] However, retrospectively the Boxer Rebellion caused Britain to adopt a more vigorous foreign policy. Indeed, because of the inadequacies of the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury in dealing with the Boxer Rebellion, the Conservative government made significant changes to the Diplomatic Service.[20] Sir Claude MacDonald the British minister in Beijing despite being fully aware of the Boxers violence against foreigners, Christian converts and missionaries in northern China refused to contemplate that the Boxer would spread across China.[21] Indeed, Otte contends that Britain’s blasà © attitude to the Boxer violence only changed after the siege of Beijing legation district that began on June 14th 1900. For fifty-five days, the Boxers laid siege to the square mile legation district in Beijing.[22] When the multilateral counterinsurgency force finally arrived in Beijing in August 1900, they displayed to the world for the first time that a sense of unity was possible. The multilateral force consisted of all the nations who had personnel in the legation. The force consisted of approximately twenty thousand troops. The Japanese were the dominant force with ten thousand troops. Japan demonstrated to China and the world that the importance of China was truly international and not just Eurocentric.[23] Furthermore, the multilateral force with the aim of rescuing the personnel and their families from the Beijing Legation district were given different instructions from their governments. German emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II commanded his troops to show no mercy to the Boxers after they had murdered the German Minister in Beijing Baron von Ketteler. The Kaiser declared to his troops before they left Bremerhaven, ‘Just as the Huns a thousand years ago, under the leadership of Attila, gained a reputation by virtue of which they still live in historical tradition, so may the name of Germany become known in such a manner in China, that no Chinese will ever again to look askance at a German.’ [24] Clearly, the Boxer Rebellion affected relations with Germany and this was borne out by the first point in the Boxer Protocol, it declared, ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Prince of the First Rank, Chun, was appointed Ambassador of His Majesty the Emperor of China, and directed in that capacity to convey to His Majesty the German Emperor the expression of the regrets of His Majesty the Emperor of China and of the Chinese Government at the assassination of his Excellency the late Baron von Ketteler, German Minister†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The Chinese Government has stated that it will erect on the spot of the assassination of his Excellency the late Baron von Ketteler, commemorative monument worthy of the rank of the deceased, and bearing an inscription in the Latin, German, and Chinese languages which shall express the regrets of His Majesty the Emperor of China for the murder committed†¦[25] The first article of the Boxer Protocol clearly highlights China’s humiliation. Germany like other governments wanted to punish and embarrass China after the Boxer Rebellion. The proceeding articles in the protocol all required apologies, monument erections, the destruction of Chinese arms and fortresses, and the forfeiture of land to foreign powers.[26] However, as previously mentioned, the most damaging article in the protocol was the three hundred and thirty three million dollar indemnity with four percent interest. Undoubtedly, the multilateral troops took revenge on the Boxers and their supporters, Boyd contends that rumours of looting, rape, and torture committed by multilateral troops spread throughout Beijing. [27] Schoppa argues that the Boxer Protocol is the lowest point in Chinese international relations and their ultimate humiliation. The protocol signed on the 7th September 1901 between China and the Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, United State s, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and Russia was yet another unequal treaty that humiliated the Chinese government. The terms of the protocol not only restricted China’s domestic privileges, they increased foreign interests in China. Therefore, the fifty years of humiliation that began with China’s defeat in the Opium Wars extended into a new millennium. Therefore, the Boxer Protocol crippled Chinese spirit, economy and international prestige.[28] Although, the Boxer Rebellion and the consequent protocol severely damaged China domestically and their international reputation it instigated the dismantlement of their biggest burden, the corrupt Qing Dynasty. The Empress Dowager Cixi deceived the international community by pretending that her troops were suppressing the Boxers. However, the reality was that she despised foreign intervention as much as the Boxers did. She cleverly encouraged the Boxers to turn the Chinese peasantry and country against the foreigners. The Boxers declared ‘Support the Qing, destroy the Foreigners.’ Foreigners included missionaries and Chinese Christian converts. As Esherick contends, the Boxer Rebellion was not a true rebellion, as they did not oppose the Chinese Qing government.[29] The rebellion failed to resemble the excepted definition as ‘an organized armed resistance to an established ruler or government.’[30] Once the Qing dynasty realised that counterinsurgency would overthrow the Boxers they soon renounced their involvement so they could continue in the eyes of the West as a legitimate government.[31] However, inevitably the Boxer Rebellion demonstrates that China’s international relations were damaged by the more primitive actions the Boxers and the more sophisticated and sinister intervention of the Qing Dynasty.[32] In conclusion, the Boxer Rebellion clearly left an indelible mark on China both domestically and internationally. The ruthless action of the Boxers against foreigners, Chinese Christian converts, and missionaries was viewed by the outside world as unjustified and inexcusable. The Boxers clearly believed that they were acting in the best interests of peasants who made up the majority of the Chinese population. Their violent activities led to the Boxer Protocol in 1901 that almost bankrupted China through the huge financial reparations. The further articles of the protocol heaped further humiliation on China and allowed international powers access to prominent trading areas. However, arguably inadvertently the Boxer Rebellion prevented China from being colonised by major international powers. The Boxer Rebellion undoubtedly stirred the United States to intervene in order to save their trading rights in China. They sent a clear message to Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russ ia to support China’s administrative and territorial integrity. Furthermore, the Boxer Rebellion was the catalyst for disintegration of the dishonest Qing Dynasty. Although, the Qing Dynasty under Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers it was not to protect the interests of China’s peasantry. Even though the Boxer Rebellion eventually instigated improved foreign diplomacy, it is indisputable that their actions not only led to the massacres of foreigners, Chinese Christians and missionaries it led to thousands of deaths of their own people. The international counterinsurgency forces showed no mercy when they exacted retribution on the Boxers and their sympathisers. The ease in which the Boxers and Imperial guard were defeated by the multilateral counterinsurgency forces compelled the Chinese government to modernise their military. The Boxer Rebellion reiterated the Eurocentric ideology that the Chinese are uncivilised. Furthermore, the rebellion alienated the western community from China even though it inadvertently improved international diplomacy and rid China of the corrupt Qing Dynasty that ultimately led to China becoming a republic in 1912. The ease in which the Boxers and Imperial guard were defeated by the multilateral counterinsurgency forces compelled the Chinese government to modernise their military. Bibliography Books Boyd, J., A Dance with Dragon. The Vanished of Peking’s Foreign Policy (London: I. B. Tauris Co. Ltd, 2012). Cashman, D., America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I (New York: New York University Press, 1998). Cohen, Paul, in ‘Humanising the Boxers’, in Bickers, R. Tiedemann, R. (eds), The Boxers, China, and the World (Plymouth: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Ltd, 2007), pp. 179-197. Cullinane, M., Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism: 1898-1909 (New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2012). Durschmeid, E,. Beware the Dragon, China: 1,000 Years of Bloodshed (London: Carlton Publishing Group, 2008). Esherick, J., The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Oakland: University of California Press). Fleming, P., The Siege at Peking (Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd, 2001). Harrison, Henrietta, in ‘Humanising the Boxers’, in Bickers, R. Tiedemann, R. (eds), The Boxers, China, and the World (Plymouth: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Ltd, 2007), pp. 1-15. Otte, Thomas, ‘Heaven knows where we shall finally drift’: Lord Salisbury, the Cabinet, Isolation, and the Boxer Rebellion’ in Kennedy, G. Neilson, K. (eds), Incidents and International Relations: People, Power, and Personalities (Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2002). Schoppa, K., The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000). Seonnichsen, J., The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2011). Spence, J., The Searching of Modern China (London: Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1990). Steiner, Z., The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Journals Oulett, ‘Multinational counterinsurgency: the Western intervention in the Boxer Rebellion 1900-1901’ Small Wars Insurgencies. 20: 3.4 (2009): pp. 507-527. Radio broadcast Bragg, M., ‘The Boxer Rebellion’ In our Time. BBC radio 4 archive broadcast (21.30, 9 March 2009) Internet source ‘Rebellion.’ Oxford English Dictionary (03 April 2014). Available online: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/159201?isAdvanced=falseresult=1rskey=nNKkrE Date accessed: 02 April 2014. ‘Boxer Protocol, 1901, Peace Agreement between the Great Powers and China 09/07/190’ (03 April 2014) Available online: http://china.usc.edu/(S(ivfmlzuvquerbb45edthpbze)A(irVj2QZVywEkAAAAYWQzZmNiZGMtZTBhNC00MDc1LTg5ZTItOGQ4OGU4MGI0NTk3Uo36FF2grKtLe_4GD64z6sKQqsw1))/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=420 Date accessed: 03 April 2014 1 [1] Oulett, ‘Multinational counterinsurgency: the Western intervention in the Boxer Rebellion 1900-1901’ Small Wars Insurgencies. 20: 3.4 (2009): p. 511. [2] Durschmeid, E,. Beware the Dragon, China: 1,000 Years of Bloodshed (London: Carlton Publishing Group, 2008)p. 172. [3] Spence, J., The Searching of Modern China (London: Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1990), p. 235. [4] cited by Cohen, Paul, in ‘Humanising the Boxers’, in Bickers, R. Tiedemann, R. (eds), The Boxers, China, and the World (Plymouth: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Ltd, 2007), p. 186 [5] Boyd, J., A Dance with Dragon. The Vanished of Peking’s Foreign Policy (London: I. B. Tauris Co. Ltd, 2012), p. xvi. [6] Fleming, P., The Siege at Peking (Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd, 2001), p. 36. [7] Bragg, M., ‘The Boxer Rebellion’ In our Time. BBC radio 4 archive broadcast (21.30, 9 March 2009) [8] Ibid. [9] Harrison, Henrietta, in ‘Humanising the Boxers’, in Bickers, R. Tiedemann, R. (eds), The Boxers, China, and the World (Plymouth: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Ltd, 2007), p. 12 [10] Harrison, Henrietta, in ‘Humanising the Boxers’, p. 7 [11] Oulett, ‘Multinational counterinsurgency: the Western intervention in the Boxer Rebellion 1900-1901’, p. 508. [12] Bragg, M., ‘The Boxer Rebellion’ In our Time [13] Fleming, The Siege at Peking, p.36. [14] Oulett, ‘Multinational counterinsurgency: the Western intervention in the Boxer Rebellion 1900-1901’, p. 508. [15] Cashman, D., America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I (New York: New York University Press, 1998), p.436. [16] Cullinane, M., Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism: 1898-1909 (New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2012), p. 4. [17] Seonnichsen, J., The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2011), p. xiv. [18] cited in Oulett, ‘Multinational counterinsurgency: the Western intervention in the Boxer Rebellion 1900-1901’. p. 518. [19] Otte, Thomas, ‘Heaven knows where we shall finally drift’: Lord Salisbury, the Cabinet, Isolation, and the Boxer Rebellion’ in Kennedy, G. Neilson, K. (eds), Incidents and International Relations: People, Power, and Personalities (Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2002), p. 30. [20] Steiner, Z., The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 180. [21] Otte, Thomas. ‘Heaven knows where we shall finally drift’: Lord Salisbury, the Cabinet, Isolation, and the Boxer Rebellion’, p. 26 [22] Otte, Thomas. ‘‘Heaven knows where we shall finally drift’: Lord Salisbury, the Cabinet, Isolation, and the Boxer Rebellion’, p. 29 [23] Bragg, M., ‘The Boxer Rebellion’ In our Time [24] Fleming, The Siege at Peking, pp. 135-136 [25] ‘Boxer Protocol, 1901, Peace Agreement between the Great Powers and China’ (09/07/1901). Available online: http://china.usc.edu/(S(ivfmlzuvquerbb45edthpbze)A(irVj2QZVywEkAAAAYWQzZmNiZGMtZTBhNC00MDc1LTg5ZTItOGQ4OGU4MGI0NTk3Uo36FF2grKtLe_4GD64z6sKQqsw1))/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=420 Date accessed: 03 April 2014 [26] Fleming, The Siege at Peking, pp. 250-251 [27] Boyd, J., A Dance with Dragon. The Vanished of Peking’s Foreign Policy, p. 22. [28] Schoppa, K., The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 171. [29] Esherick, J., The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Oakland: University of California Press), p. xiv. [30] ‘Rebellion.’ Oxford English Dictionary. 2014, Available online: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/159201?isAdvanced=falseresult=1rskey=nNKkrE Date accessed: 02 April 2014. [31] Ibid. [32] Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, p. 312